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JUnit is a powerful framework for Selenium test automation that has been popularly used by developers to perform unit testing. It is extensively used to perform testing on small parts of code. The entire application which is being developed undergoes unit testing, which is performed on small code chunks.
By testing individual chunks of code, the developer would be able to test his code and find bugs or incorrect functionality, if any. This testing framework, though most widely used by developers, is also used by automation testers for different purposes in their automation framework, among which assertion tops the list.
In this JUnit 5 Tutorial, we deep dive into how to run JUnit 4 tests with JUnit 5 (the latest release of the JUnit framework).
What Is JUnit 5 And How It Stands Out From Previous Versions?
JUnit 5 is the latest version of JUnit, which is primarily composed of three different sub-components – JUnit Platform, JUnit Jupiter, and JUnit Vintage. Before getting to know about these components, one essential requirement about JUnit 5 is that runtime JUnit 5 requires Java version 8 (or any other higher versions). However, the unit tests can still be compiled with the previous Java versions and tested with JUnit 5. Now let me take you all through the three sub-components that have been mentioned earlier.
JUnit platform is the basic foundation of the testing framework, which helps in framework development. JUnit Jupiter is used for writing the tests and the JUnit Vintage is used for running earlier versions of JUnit tests such as JUnit 3 and JUnit 4 based tests.
In further sections of this JUnit 5 tutorial, we would deep dive into JUnit 5 vs JUnit 4 comparison along with the demonstration of the respective JUnit versions from Selenium automation testing point of view.
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JUnit 5 vs JUnit 4
In this section of the JUnit 5 tutorial, we look at how JUnit 5 stacks in front of JUnit 4?
JUnit 5 is different from JUnit 4? Let us understand the differences in the JUnit 5 vs JUnit 4 comparison:
- In JUnit 4, everything is composed and wrapped together unlike JUnit 5. JUnit 5 is composed of three components namely JUnit Platform, JUnit Jupiter, and JUnit Vintage.
- JUnit 4 requires a Java version of 5 (or above) while JUnit 5 requires Java version 8 (or even higher).
- JUnit 4 doesn’t support any third-party integration plugins and IDE’s. In JUnit 5, the JUnit Platform provides support for build tools and popular IDE’s like Eclipse, Visual Studio, and IntelliJ.
- JUnit Asserts are an integral part of the JUnit framework. In JUnit 4, assertions (or asserts) are grouped under org.junit.Assert package which contains all the assertion methods. In JUnit 5, assertion methods are grouped and can be imported from org.junit.jupiter.Assertions
- When returning error messages in assertion, the order of the parameters differs.
In JUnit 4,
public static void assertEquals(String message, long expected, long actual)
In JUnit 5,
public static void assertEquals(long expected, long actual, String message)
- Like assertions, Assumptions methods are also imported from different packages in JUnit 4 and JUnit 5. In JUnit 4, they are imported from org.junit.Assume and in JUnit 5 they are imported from org.junit.jupiter.api.Assumptions
Here are some of the annotations that changed in JUnit 5:
| JUnit 4 | JUnit 5 |
| @Before | @BeforeEach |
| @After | @AfterEach |
| @BeforeClass | @BeforeAll |
| @AfterClass | @AfterAll |
| @Ignore | @Disabled |
| @Category | @Tag |
@Rule and @ClassRule annotations in JUnit 4 are removed. Instead, @ExtendWith and @RegisterExtension should be used.
Now that we know about the JUnit 4 and JUnit 5 annotations, let’s look at the annotations in more detail in this section of the JUnit 5 Tutorial:
- In JUnit 4, we have used @Test annotation which can accept parameters. However in JUnit 5, the @Test annotation doesn’t accept any parameters.
Usage of @Test annotation in JUnit 4
@Test(expected = Exception.class)
public void testThrowsException() throws Exception {
}
Usage of @Test annotation in JUnit 5
@Test
void testThrowsException() throws Exception {
Assertions.assertThrows(Exception.class, () -> {
});
}
Annotations In JUnit 4 And JUnit 5
In this section of JUnit 5 tutorial, we look at major JUnit annotations used in JUnit 4 and JUnit 5. Most of the annotations in JUnit 5 are similar to annotations in JUnit 4. Let us first look into the annotations used in JUnit 5 and then list out the detailed JUnit 5 vs JUnit 4 comparison.
- @Test – Annotation used for declaring a test.
- @TestFactory – Annotation used for defining a method which is a test factory for dynamic tests that are generated at runtime.
- @RepeatedTest – Annotation used to specify that the method is a template for the tests that can be repeated a specific number of times. For example, the below test method is annotated with @RepeatedTest and the method will be repeated automatically for 5 times.
@RepeatedTest(5)
public void print(){
// write some code to be executed
}
- @ParameterizedTest – Annotation used to indicate that the method is a parameterized test. These parameterized tests are similar to normal test methods but we have to specify a source to provide parameters for each invocation which in turn is used in the test.
- @TestMethodOrder – Annotation used to define the order of the test execution.
- @DisplayName – Annotation used to specify a customized display name for the method or class.
- @Tag – Annotation used to filter the tests at method or class level by defining the tags.
- @Disabled – Annotation used to disable a test method or class.
- @BeforeEach – Annotation used to specify that the specific test method has to be executed before each @Test, @RepeatedTest, @ParameterizedTest, or @TestFactory method.
- @AfterEach – Annotation used to specify that the specific test method has to be executed after each @Test, @RepeatedTest, @ParameterizedTest, or @TestFactory method.
- @BeforeAll – Annotation used to specify that the specific test method has to be executed before all @Test, @RepeatedTest, @ParameterizedTest, or @TestFactory method.
- @AfterAll – Annotation used to specify that the specific test method has to be executed after all @Test, @RepeatedTest, @ParameterizedTest, or @TestFactory method.
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Sequential Execution Flow Of Annotations In JUnit 5
Let us see the sequence in which these annotations are executed in JUnit 5.
Step 1: The method implemented under the @BeforeAll annotation is executed once.
Step 2: The method implemented under the @BeforeEach annotation executes before the first test.
Step 3: The method implemented under the @Test annotation is executed.
Step 4: The method implemented under the @AfterEach annotation runs after the test case is executed.
Step 5: The method implemented under the @AfterAll annotation will be executed at the end.
In Selenium Automation Testing with the JUnit, you might want to implement multiple test scenarios (or methods) under the same class (or different classes). As seen in the earlier part of the JUnit 5 tutorial, it is essential to know the execution order of the methods implemented under different annotations.
Here is order of execution in case there are two or more test methods in the class:
Step 1: The method implemented under the @BeforeAll annotation is executed once.
Step 2: The method implemented under the @BeforeEach annotation executes before the first test.
Step 3: The method implemented under the @Test annotation is executed.
Step 4: The method implemented under the @AfterEach annotation runs after the test case is executed.
Step 5: The method implemented under the @BeforeEach annotation is executed before the second test case.
Step 6: The method implemented under the @Test annotation is executed.
Step 7: The method implemented under the @AfterEach annotation is executed after the execution of the second test case.
Step 8: The method that has been annotated with @AfterAll is executed once at the end.
Thus, for multiple test cases, the methods implemented under @BeforeAll and @AfterAll annotations are executed only once, at the beginning and end of the test.On the other hand, test methods implemented under the @BeforeEach and @AfterEach annotations are executed before and after respectively for each and every test case.
So far in this JUnit 5 tutorial, we have covered the basics of JUnit 5 framework, annotations of JUnit 5, and life cycle of the annotations.
You might be eager to know what should be done with the tests created using the JUnit 4 framework? It is relatively easy to migrate JUnit 4 to JUnit 5 framework, let’s have a detailed look at the migration process in further sections of the JUnit 5 tutorial.
How To Migrate From JUnit 4 to JUnit 5?
One of the common questions that comes to JUnit users is ‘Is it possible to run JUnit 4 tests in JUnit 5’? By the end of this section of JUnit 5 tutorial, you would be in a position to run JUnit 4 tests in JUnit 5. You can migrate tests written in JUnit 4 to JUnit 5 with minimal effort. Here are the steps to perform the migration:
- The JUnit Vintage engine in JUnit 5 helps in running existing test cases written in JUnit 4 (or JUnit 3) utilizing the JUnit Platform.
- Annotations like @Before and @After in existing JUnit 4 tests have to be replaced with equivalent annotations in JUnit 5 (i.e. @BeforeEach and @AfterEach respectively).
- Import correct package for Assertions (i.e. org.junit.jupiter.Assertions) and Assumptions (i.e. org.junit.jupiter.api.Assumptions).
- Remove the JUnit 4 annotations that are no longer supported in JUnit 5 and replace those annotations with ones supported in JUnit 5.
- In case your JUnit 4 project is defined with certain rules, the migration has to be done gradually. There are a few rules of JUnit 4 that are compatible with JUnit Jupiter.
- The junit-jupiter-migration support module provides support for the @Ignore annotation in JUnit 4 which is equivalent to Jupiter’s @Disabled annotation. However, this is still in the experimental phase.
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JUnit 5 vs JUnit 4 Comparison In Action
We take a simple example on how to run the tests written in JUnit 4 and JUnit 5 together in a project.
For example, let us see how to run the project that contains unit tests built using JUnit 4 and JUnit 5.
In our project demonstrating the aspects listed so far in this JUnit 5 tutorial, let us assume that we have tests written using JUnit 4. Now we shall add the tests using JUnit 5 for which we would be adding few dependencies. So our pom.xml file would look like below:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
<groupId>RunJUnitTest</groupId>
<artifactId>RunJUnitTest</artifactId>
<version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.slf4j</groupId>
<artifactId>slf4j-nop</artifactId>
<version>1.7.28</version>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.junit.platform</groupId>
<artifactId>junit-platform-launcher</artifactId>
<version>1.2.0</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.junit.jupiter</groupId>
<artifactId>junit-jupiter-engine</artifactId>
<version>5.2.0</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.junit.vintage</groupId>
<artifactId>junit-vintage-engine</artifactId>
<version>5.2.0</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.junit.jupiter</groupId>
<artifactId>junit-jupiter-api</artifactId>
<version>5.2.0</version>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>junit</groupId>
<artifactId>junit</artifactId>
<version>4.12</version>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.slf4j</groupId>
<artifactId>slf4j-nop</artifactId>
<version>1.7.28</version>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.seleniumhq.selenium</groupId>
<artifactId>selenium-java</artifactId>
<version>4.0.0-alpha-7</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.seleniumhq.selenium</groupId>
<artifactId>selenium-remote-driver</artifactId>
<version>4.0.0-alpha-7</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.seleniumhq.selenium</groupId>
<artifactId>selenium-chrome-driver</artifactId>
<version>4.0.0-alpha-7</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>junit</groupId>
<artifactId>junit</artifactId>
<version>4.12</version>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.apache.httpcomponents</groupId>
<artifactId>httpclient</artifactId>
<version>4.5.13</version>
</dependency>
<!-- https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/net.coobird/thumbnailator -->
<dependency>
<groupId>net.coobird</groupId>
<artifactId>thumbnailator</artifactId>
<version>0.4.14</version>
</dependency>
<!-- https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/ru.yandex.qatools.ashot/ashot -->
<dependency>
<groupId>ru.yandex.qatools.ashot</groupId>
<artifactId>ashot</artifactId>
<version>1.5.4</version>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
<properties>
<maven.compiler.source>15</maven.compiler.source>
<maven.compiler.target>15</maven.compiler.target>
</properties>
</project>
For demonstration of JUnit 4 and JUnit 5, we perform operations on the LambdaTest ToDo App which is also used in the blog titled How to run JUnit tests from command line.
Test Scenario
- Navigate to the URL https://lambdatest.github.io/sample-todo-app/ in the latest version of Chrome on Windows 10.
- Click on the web elements with li1 and li2.
- Add a new element to the list titled Happy Testing at LambdaTest.
- Assert if the new element is not added to the list
This demonstrates the use of the JUnit framework for the purpose of Selenium Automation Testing.
Below is the test written using JUnit 4
import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.JavascriptExecutor;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.remote.DesiredCapabilities;
import org.openqa.selenium.remote.RemoteWebDriver;
import java.net.MalformedURLException;
import java.net.URL;
/* JUnit related imports */
import org.junit.*;
public class JUnit4Demo
{
static WebDriver driver = null;
static String URL = "https://lambdatest.github.io/sample-todo-app/";
public static String status = "passed";
static String username = "user-name";
static String access_key = "access-key";
@Before
public void beforeMethod() throws MalformedURLException {
System.out.println("=======Running @Before for JUnit 4=======");
DesiredCapabilities capabilities = new DesiredCapabilities();
capabilities.setCapability("build", "[Java] Demonstration of running JUnit4 tests on LambdaTest Grid");
capabilities.setCapability("name", "[Java] Demonstration of running JUnit4 tests on LambdaTest Grid");
capabilities.setCapability("platform", "Windows 10");
capabilities.setCapability("browserName", "Chrome");
capabilities.setCapability("version","latest");
capabilities.setCapability("tunnel",false);
capabilities.setCapability("network",true);
capabilities.setCapability("console",true);
capabilities.setCapability("visual",true);
driver = new RemoteWebDriver(new URL("https://" + username + ":" + access_key + "@hub.lambdatest.com/wd/hub"), capabilities);
/* driver = new ChromeDriver(); */
System.out.println("Started session");
}
@Test
public void simpleJunit4Test() throws InterruptedException
{
System.out.println("Running a simple Junit 4 test.");
driver.navigate().to(URL);
driver.manage().window().maximize();
try
{
/* Let's mark the first two items in the list. */
driver.findElement(By.name("li1")).click();
driver.findElement(By.name("li2")).click();
/* Let's add an item to the list. */
driver.findElement(By.id("sampletodotext")).sendKeys("Happy Testing at LambdaTest");
driver.findElement(By.id("addbutton")).click();
/* Let's check that the item we added is added in the list. */
String enteredText = driver.findElement(By.xpath("/html/body/div/div/div/ul/li[6]/span")).getText();
if (enteredText.equals("Happy Testing at LambdaTest"))
{
System.out.println("Demonstration of running JUnit tests is complete");
}
}
catch (Exception e)
{
System.out.println(e.getMessage());
}
}
@After
public void afterMethod()
{
System.out.println("=======Running @After for JUnit 4=======");
if (driver != null)
{
((JavascriptExecutor) driver).executeScript("lambda-status=" + status);
driver.quit();
}
}
}
Let us add a test using JUnit 5 in the same project
import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.JavascriptExecutor;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.remote.DesiredCapabilities;
import org.openqa.selenium.remote.RemoteWebDriver;
import java.net.MalformedURLException;
import java.net.URL;
/* JUnit related imports */
import org.junit.jupiter.api.AfterEach;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
public class RunUnitTests
{
static WebDriver driver = null;
static String URL = "https://lambdatest.github.io/sample-todo-app/";
public static String status = "passed";
static String username = "user-name";
static String access_key = "access-key";
@BeforeEach
public void beforeEachMethod() throws MalformedURLException {
System.out.println("=======Running @BeforeEach for JUnit 5=======");
DesiredCapabilities capabilities = new DesiredCapabilities();
capabilities.setCapability("build", "[Java] Demonstration of running JUnit5 tests on LambdaTest Grid");
capabilities.setCapability("name", "[Java] Demonstration of running JUnit5 tests on LambdaTest Grid");
capabilities.setCapability("platform", "Windows 10");
capabilities.setCapability("browserName", "Chrome");
capabilities.setCapability("version","latest");
capabilities.setCapability("tunnel",false);
capabilities.setCapability("network",true);
capabilities.setCapability("console",true);
capabilities.setCapability("visual",true);
driver = new RemoteWebDriver(new URL("https://" + username + ":" + access_key + "@hub.lambdatest.com/wd/hub"), capabilities);
/* driver = new ChromeDriver(); */
System.out.println("Started session");
}
@Test
public void simpleJunit5Test() throws InterruptedException
{
System.out.println("Running a simple Junit 5 test.");
driver.navigate().to(URL);
driver.manage().window().maximize();
try
{
/* Let's mark the first two items in the list. */
driver.findElement(By.name("li1")).click();
driver.findElement(By.name("li2")).click();
/* Let's add an item to the list. */
driver.findElement(By.id("sampletodotext")).sendKeys("Happy Testing at LambdaTest");
driver.findElement(By.id("addbutton")).click();
/* Let's check that the item we added is added in the list. */
String enteredText = driver.findElement(By.xpath("/html/body/div/div/div/ul/li[6]/span")).getText();
if (enteredText.equals("Happy Testing at LambdaTest"))
{
System.out.println("Demonstration of running JUnit tests is complete");
}
}
catch (Exception e)
{
System.out.println(e.getMessage());
}
}
@AfterEach
public void afterEachMethod()
{
System.out.println("=======Running @AfterEach for JUnit 5=======");
if (driver != null)
{
((JavascriptExecutor) driver).executeScript("lambda-status=" + status);
driver.quit();
}
}
}
Upon execution,you will see the results of both the tests in the console like the one below.
Here is the execution snapshot from the Automation dashboard of LambdaTest. As seen below, the tests have executed successfully.
Advantages Of Using JUnit 5 For Unit Testing
So far, in this JUnit 5 tutorial, we have covered all the essential aspects of JUnit 4 as well as Junit 5, including a head-on JUnit 5 vs JUnit 4 comparison. Now that you are aware about the annotations in JUnit 5, let’s look at the advantages of using JUnit 5 for unit testing. Some of the major advantages are mentioned below:
- It provides unique features to define the tests in comparison to the previous versions.
- It helps in utilizing the lambda functions in the tests for assertions as well as assumptions.
- It provides prominent annotations with well-defined purposes that can be used to enhance the unit tests.
- It supports the usage of multiple runners.
- It has unique extensible architecture.
- It supports migration of existing tests written with previous JUnit versions.
Wrapping it up!
In this JUnit 5 tutorial, we looked into JUnit 5 components and their features, newly introduced annotations, and approach to migrate tests from JUnit 4 to Junit 5. I hope you got a good grasp of the JUnit 5 framework. If you are an existing JUnit user, this JUnit 5 tutorial can be used as a handy guide for migration of tests to JUnit 5 as well as to get started with the JUnit framework.
Feel free to share this article with your peers and let us know how you are using JUnit 5 for Selenium automation testing.
Happy Testing…! 😊